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The importance of root exudates for crop cultivation under climate change
Schnürer, Oliver ; Albrechtová, Jana (advisor) ; Tylová, Edita (referee)
Root exudates are compounds secreted by plant roots that can help plants, for example, to obtain nutrients from the soil or to increase their resistance to biotic stress. Root exudates can thus hide a great potential that can be used in agriculture. As human population grows, there is increasing pressure on agriculture, which must provide enough food to feed the global population, thus ensuring food security. Until now, agricultural activity has tried to satisfy this demand by intensification of agriculture, mainly by breeding highly productive crops when using intensive fertilizing, but the theoretical possible benefits of root exudates in breeding remained overlooked. Intensive farming practices can further exacerbate the impacts of ongoing climate change, for example by increasing soil carbon mineralization or reducing biodiversity. By using root exudates in the production of crops, it will be possible to achieve a higher nutrient content in soil, as well as a higher resistance of crops to pests, without the aforementioned negative impacts of intensive agriculture. In this work, I tried to describe the main functions of root exudates, their reaction to increased CO2 concentration in the atmosphere, their stress response caused by stressors of climate change and their theoretical use in...
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Účinek interakce deficitní výživy a výskytu bakterióz na růst a vývoj rostlin rajčete jedlého (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
Školníková, Marie
The aim of this diploma thesis is determination of the influence of deficient nutrition in combination of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato infection on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) growth and development. In hydroponic cultivation experiment, tomato variety Darinka was cultivated in solutions without N, P, K, Ca, Mg and in variant with all nutrition (control variant). The dry matter of root and stem was weighed and root length, density and electrical capacitance were set. The content of nutrition in plants was also assessed. The level of infection was determined in 1st term, the highest level had plants with insufficient of Ca and P. High reduction of root and stem dry matter was found in Ca, N, P and Mg deficient plants. The low root electrical capacitance, length and density was determined in plants with Ca, N a P deficiency within infected group and in Ca and N deficient plants within noninfected group. Bacterial infection caused the reduction of all observing parameters in contrast to the plants from noninfected group. The antagonism and synergism between the elements were also showed.
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The effect of fertilization on winter wheat yield
Šístek, Lukáš ; Černý, Jindřich (advisor) ; Sedlář, Ondřej (referee)
The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of fertilization on different sites with different soil and climatic conditions on the yield and productivity parameters of winter wheat.
Wheat is the most widespread cereal in the Czech Republic. In the crop rotations it occupies almost half of all grain grown and about 30% of the total sown area. Its advantages, when cultivating, are the relatively stable level of yield and quality.
Long-term stationary experiments with crop rotation were established in the fall of 1996 at five sites of the Czech Republic with different soil and climatic conditions (Červený Újezd, Hněvčeves, Humpolec, Lukavec and Prague - Suchdol). In an experiment there are three crops grown in sequence: potatoes, wheat and barley. In a trial there were compared organic fertilized, mineral fertilized and combined organic with mineral fertilized plots in Červený Újezd, Hupolec and Suchdol sites. For purposes of the experiment is used sludge from WWTP in Prague. Manure and straw are used from each experimental sites. As a nitrogenous fertilizer is used ammonium nitrate with limestone, phosphorus fertilizer is triple superphosphate and potassium fertilizer is potassium salt.
From the experimental results can be clearly inferred that the lowest values of all monitored parameters were achieved on the plots fertilized only with organic fertilizers. After the addition of mineral nitrogen fertilizer the levels of monitored parameters has changed significantly and thus was achieved an increase in these parameters compared to unfertilized control plot. The highest results in relation to the winter wheat yield and quality were found in Červený Újezd and the lowest in Humpolec. The highest yield of wheat grain was found in Červený Újezd on N fertilized plot (12.28 t.ha-1). The lowest yield of wheat grain was achieved in Humpolec on manure fertilized plot (3.9 t.ha-1). However, the highest response to nitrate fertilization was found in Humpolec. The lowest increase in grain yield was 207 % and 333 % increase in yield of straw compared to the control plot. The highest use of nitrogen was determined at Červený Újezd station, where the wheat consumed most of the nitrogen supplied by nitrogen fertilizers.
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Vliv deficitní výživy na růst, vývoj a aktivitu kořenového systému kukuřice seté (Zea mays, L.)
Nádvorníková, Marie
The aim of hydroponic cultivation experiment was the determination of the influence of deficient nutrition on the maize (Zea Mays, L.) growth and root system. The model crop was maize hybrid SY ONDINA. The experiment had six deficient variants (P, N, K, Ca, S, Mg) and variant with all nutritions (control variant). During the experiment were taking plants at an interval of 7 days. The dry matter of root and stem was weighed, the content of nutrition and the size of root system were set. The antagonism and synergism between elements were showed. The bigger reduction of root dry mass had plants with potassium and calcium deficiency. The plants with deficient (expecially deficiency of calcium, nitrogen, magnesium and potassium) had very restricted root structure. The lowest value of root electrical capacitancy had plants with potassium and calcium deficiency.
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